Abstract:Despite their claimed advantages, toehold strategies have rarely been adopted in recent corporate takeovers and do not seem to increase acquirer returns. Are toeholds ineffective and becoming obsolete? We show that this is not the case. We find that toeholds are preferred for executing difficult takeovers. After controlling for such endogeneity in toehold-based acquisitions, toeholds do increase returns to acquirers. Moreover, the performance of toehold strategies improves over time due to more selective and more effective acquisition of toeholds. We find that this time trend is in part explained by learning-by-doing from past toehold acquisitions.
"Similar Bidders in Takeover Contests", with Sebastian Gryglewicz, Han Smit, and Wouter De Maeseneire, Games and Economic Behavior, Volume 82, November 2013, 544-561.
Abstract:When bidders in a corporate takeover have related resources and post-acquisition strategies, their valuations of a target are likely to be interdependent. This paper analyzes sequential-entry takeover contests in which similar bidders have correlated private valuations. The level of similarity affects information content of bids and bidding competition. Our model predicts that expected acquisition prices and the probability of multiple-bidder contests are the highest for intermediately similar bidders. We test these predictions in laboratory experiments in which we control the similarity between bidders. The experimental data confirm the non-monotonic effects of similarity on prices and on the frequency of multiple-bidder contests.
Abstract:This paper studies whether the bailout of downstream firms helps stop the supply chain propagation of business failure. By analyzing persistent zombie lending in China, we show that such a bailout policy does not work. Zombie lending to downstream firms does not reduce the exit likelihood of upstream firms. Worse, it distorts efficiency-based firm exit in upstream industries. The exit distortion effect works through the trade credit chain and is more profound in industries with stricter financial constraints and tighter supply chain connections. Our findings reveal the importance of credit allocation efficiency for the Schumpeterian process of creative destruction that is essential for economic growth.
Abstract: Heterogeneous memory capacity is largely neglected in the economics literature, although it may have profound economic implications. Adopting the concept of “memory utility” proposed by Gilboa, Postlewaite, and Samuelson (2016), we explore the relationship between memory capacity and individual discounting behavior by building a simple two-period model and comparing its predictions with experimental data. Both theoretical and experimental evidence confirm that memory capacity and discount rates are positively correlated.